Handbook of categorization in cognitive science / edited by Henry Cohen, Claire Lefebvre.

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Categorization, the basic cognitive process of arranging objects into categories, is a fundamental process in human and machine intelligence and is central to investigations and research in cognitive science. Until now, categorization has been approached from singular disciplinary perspectives with little overlap or communication between the disciplines involved (Linguistics, Psychology, Philosophy, Neuroscience, Computer Science, Cognitive Anthropology). Henri Cohen and Claire Lefebvre have gathered together a stellar collection of contributors in this unique, ambitious attempt to bring together converging disciplinary and conceptual perspectives on this topic.

"Categorization is a key concept across the range of cognitive sciences, including linguistics and philosophy, yet hitherto it has been hard to find accounts that go beyond the concerns of one or two individual disciplines. The Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science provides just the sort of interdisciplinary approach that is necessary to synthesize knowledge from the different fields and provide the basis for future innovation."

Professor Bernard Comrie, Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany

"Anyone concerned with language, semantics, or categorization will want to have this encyclopedic collection."

Professor Eleanor Rosch, Dept of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, USA

Innehållsförteckning levererad av Syndetics

• See Color Plate Section at the back of this book
• Preface (p. v)
• Bridging the Category Divide
• 1 Introduction (p. 2)
• 2 Organization of the book (p. 2)
• 3 Major common themes (p. 7)
• 3.1 The notions of category and categorization (p. 7)
• 3.2 The nature of categories: Discrete, vague, or other (p. 9)
• 3.3 Are there modality effects on categories? (p. 10)
• 3.4 Are there universal categories? Are there innate categories? (p. 11)
• 4 Bridging the category divide (p. 13)
• References (p. 15)
• Part 1 Categorization in Cognitive Science
• Chapter 1 To Cognize is to Categorize: Cognition is Categorization
• Abstract (p. 20)
• 1 Sensorimotor systems (p. 21)
• 2 Invariant sensorimotor features ("affordances") (p. 21)
• 3 Categorization (p. 21)
• 4 Learning (p. 22)
• 5 Innate categories (p. 23)
• 6 Learned categories (p. 23)
• 7 Supervised learning (p. 24)
• 8 Instrumental (operant) learning (p. 24)
• 9 Color categories (p. 25)
• 10 Categorical perception (p. 25)
• 11 Learning algorithms (p. 26)
• 12 Unsupervised learning (p. 27)
• 13 Supervised learning (p. 27)
• 14 Vanishing intersections? (p. 28)
• 15 Direct sensorimotor invariants (p. 29)
• 16 Abstraction and hearsay (p. 30)
• 17 Abstraction and amnesia (p. 30)
• 18 Invariance and recurrence (p. 31)
• 19 Feature selection and weighting (p. 32)
• 20 Discrimination versus categorization (p. 32)
• 21 Recoding and feature selection (p. 33)
• 22 Learned categorical perception and the Whorf hypothesis (p. 34)
• 23 Uncertainty reduction (p. 35)
• 24 Explicit learning (p. 36)
• 25 Categorization is abstraction (p. 36)
• 26 Sensorimotor grounding: direct and derivative (p. 36)
• 27 The adaptive advantage of language: hearsay (p. 37)
• 28 Absolute discriminables and affordances (p. 39)
• 29 Cognitive science is not ontology (p. 39)
• 30 Cognition is categorization (p. 40)
• Appendix A There is nothing wrong with the "classical theory" of categorization (p. 40)
• Appendix B Associationism begs the question of categorization (p. 41)
• References (p. 42)
• Chapter 2 A Modular Approach to Grammatical Categories Evidence from Language Diversity and Contact
• Abstract (p. 46)
• 1 Introduction (p. 47)
• 2 Modularity and mismatch (p. 48)
• 3 Grammaticalization: The case of pe in Sranan (Suriname) (p. 52)
• 4 Mismatches in complexity of representations: The case of ku in Cuzco Quechua (Peru) (p. 54)
• 5 Lexical nondistinctness (p. 55)
• 6 Lexical overspecification: Dutch gender and definiteness (p. 57)
• 7 The status of null elements: Subjects in Sranan and Papiamentu (p. 58)
• 8 Partially overlapping categories: predicate adjectives in Creoles (p. 59)
• 9 Differences in lexical richness (p. 60)
• 10 Evidence from language contact (p. 61)
• 11 Concluding remarks (p. 67)
• Appendix (p. 67)
• References (p. 68)
• Chapter 3 Philosophical Analysis as Cognitive Psychology: The Case of Empty Concepts
• Abstract (p. 72)
• 1 Introduction (p. 73)
• 2 Misadventures of the Classical View (p. 73)
• 3 Terminological issues (p. 75)
• 4 The inadequacies of Externalism (p. 77)
• 5 The need for internal roles (p. 82)
• 6 Conclusion (p. 87)
• References (p. 88)
• Chapter 4 Categories and Cognitive Anthropology
• Abstract (p. 92)
• 1 Introduction (p. 93)
• 2 Cognition and culture, universalism and relativism (p. 93)
• 3 Paradigms and taxonomies (p. 94)
• 4 Kinship terminologies (p. 101)
• 5 Color classification (p. 105)
• 6 Ethnobiology (p. 109)
• 7 Towards a science of the stimulus (p. 114)
• References (p. 116)
• Chapter 5 Categorization in Neuroscience: Brain Response to Objects and Events
• Abstract (p. 119)
• 1 Introduction (p. 120)
• 2 Representing object categories in the brain (p. 121)
• 3 Acquiring category knowledge (p. 126)
• 4 Categorizing actions and events (p. 130)
• 5 Conclusion (p. 136)
• References (p. 137)
• Chapter 6 Categorization in Cognitive Computer Science
• Abstract (p. 141)
• 1 Computation in cognitive science (p. 142)
• 2 The great categorization debates (p. 144)
• 3 From local features to global structures (p. 148)
• 4 Categorization and reasoning (p. 153)
• 5 Levels of cognition (p. 158)
• References (p. 161)
• Part 2 Semantic Categories
• Chapter 7 Semantic Categorization
• Abstract (p. 167)
• 1 Introduction (p. 168)
• 2 The notional approach to lexical categories (p. 169)
• 3 The notional approach to lexical subcategories (p. 170)
• 4 Structural approach to semantic categories (p. 172)
• 5 Coordinators and subordinators (p. 175)
• 6 English nouns (p. 181)
• 7 Conclusion (p. 184)
• Acknowledgments (p. 184)
• References (p. 184)
• Chapter 8 Emotion Categories across Languages
• Abstract (p. 188)
• 1 Introduction (p. 189)
• 2 Methods of assessing cultural emotion systems (p. 191)
• 3 Theories of emotion (p. 210)
• 4 Cross-cultural scenarios as a tool to compare emotion categories (p. 213)
• 5 Conclusion (p. 218)
• References (p. 220)
• Chapter 9 The World Color Survey Database
• Abstract (p. 224)
• 1 Introduction (p. 225)
• 2 The WCS: History and methodology (p. 225)
• 3 Data processing and analysis (p. 228)
• 4 Cleaning the data (p. 232)
• 5 Original format of the data and creation of the WCS Online Data Archive (p. 232)
• 6 Uses of the WCS archive (p. 234)
• 7 Conclusion (p. 240)
• References (p. 240)
• Chapter 10 Atoms, Categorization and Conceptual Change
• Abstract (p. 243)
• 1 Introduction (p. 244)
• 2 Theories of concepts (p. 245)
• 3 The ancient concept of an atom (p. 246)
• 4 Revival of the concept of the atom (p. 248)
• 5 Modern development of the concept of an atom (p. 249)
• 6 Theories and meaning (p. 252)
• 7 Conclusion (p. 253)
• References (p. 253)
• Chapter 11 Relations between Language and Thought: Individuation and the Count/Mass Distinction
• Abstract (p. 256)
• 1 Introduction (p. 257)
• 2 Strong discontinuity proposals (p. 260)
• 3 Weak discontinuity proposals (p. 263)
• 4 Material and shape cues in labeling and categorization (p. 268)
• 5 Conclusion (p. 271)
• References (p. 271)
• Chapter 12 Definitions in Categorization and Similarity Judgments
• Abstract (p. 278)
• 1 Introduction (p. 279)
• 2 Importance rating and property selection (p. 284)
• 3 Categorization judgments (p. 288)
• 4 Similarity judgments (p. 297)
• 5 General discussion (p. 300)
• References (p. 302)
• Chapter 13 Why (Most) Concepts aren't Categories
• Abstract (p. 305)
• 1 Introduction (p. 306)
• 2 Species are not categories (p. 306)
• 3 Three kinds of (Aristotelian) "substances" (p. 307)
• 4 Concepts of individuals (p. 310)
• 5 Concepts of substances more generally (p. 311)
• 6 Substances encountered through language (p. 312)
• References (p. 315)
• Part 3 Syntactic Categories
• Chapter 14 Lexical, Functional, Crossover, and Multifunctional Categories
• Abstract (p. 320)
• 1 Introduction (p. 321)
• 2 Categories as feature bundles (p. 321)
• 3 Categories and phrase structure (p. 325)
• 4 Where do categorial distinctions reside? (p. 336)
• 5 Conclusions (p. 344)
• References (p. 345)
• Chapter 15 Isolating-Monocategorial-Associational Language
• Abstract (p. 348)
• 1 Introduction (p. 349)
• 2 What IMA Language is Like (p. 349)
• 3 Where IMA Language Is Found (p. 354)
• 4 Typology (p. 359)
• 5 Cognition (p. 375)
• Acknowledgments (p. 377)
• References (p. 377)
• Chapter 16 Categories in Quebec Sign Language: Reflections on Categorization across Modalities
• Abstract (p. 381)
• 1 The categories of lexical items (p. 382)
• 2 Traditional categorization applied to LSQ (p. 384)
• 3 Pronouns in oral languages and in sign languages (p. 388)
• 4 Consequences for linguistic categorization and universals (p. 396)
• References (p. 398)
• Chapter 17 Syntactic Categories in Signed versus Spoken Languages
• Abstract (p. 402)
• 1 Introduction (p. 403)
• 2 Lexical categories (p. 403)
• 3 Grammatical structures (p. 405)
• 4 Conclusion (p. 417)
• Acknowledgments (p. 418)
• Appendix Notational conventions (p. 418)
• References (p. 419)
• Chapter 18 On Syntactic Categories (p. 423)
• Part 4 Acquisition of Categories
• Chapter 19 The Acquisition of Grammatical Categories: the State of the Art
• Abstract (p. 433)
• 1 Grammatical categories (p. 434)
• 2 Two-word utterances and their analysis (p. 435)
• 3 A semantic approach to grammatical categorization: Semantic bootstrapping (p. 436)
• 4 Distributional learning (p. 439)
• 5 Models of distributional learning (p. 449)
• 6 Constraining the search space (p. 450)
• 7 Conclusion (p. 451)
• References (p. 452)
• Chapter 20 Semantic Categories in Acquisition
• Abstract (p. 459)
• 1 Introduction (p. 460)
• 2 Space (p. 461)
• 3 Shape (p. 465)
• 4 Adding common ground (p. 466)
• 5 Conceptual domains and lexical options (p. 467)
• 6 Adding meaning in the course of conversation (p. 472)
• 7 Universals in mapping? (p. 473)
• 8 Conclusion (p. 476)
• References (p. 477)
• Chapter 21 Early Syntactic Categories in Infants' Language
• Abstract (p. 481)
• 1 Introduction (p. 482)
• 2 The acquisition of grammatical categories and the earliest binary distinction of function words and content words (p. 482)
• 3 Input speech and the categorization of function words and content words (p. 486)
• 4 Function words and language acquisition (p. 488)
• 5 Conclusions (p. 492)
• Acknowledgment (p. 492)
• References (p. 493)
• Chapter 22 Acquiring Auditory and Phonetic Categories
• Abstract (p. 497)
• 1 Introduction (p. 498)
• 2 Testing category learning (p. 500)
• 3 Learning of nonspeech categories (p. 502)
• 4 Learning of speech categories (p. 506)
• 5 Conclusion (p. 510)
• References (p. 511)
• Chapter 23 Syntactic Categories in Second Language Acquisition
• Abstract (p. 515)
• 1 Introduction (p. 516)
• 2 Lexical and functional categories (p. 516)
• 3 Lexical categories in L2 acquisition (p. 517)
• 4 Functional categories in acquisition: Issues of evidence (p. 519)
• 5 Functional categories in the L2 initial state and in L2 development (p. 522)
• 6 Acquiring versus losing categories and features (p. 524)
• 7 Discussion (p. 529)
• References (p. 530)
• Chapter 24 The Development of Categories in the Linguistic and Nonlinguistic Domains: the Same or Different? (p. 535)
• Part 5 Neuroscience of Categorization and Category Learning
• Chapter 25 Multiple Systems of Perceptual Category Learning: Theory and Cognitive Tests
• Abstract (p. 548)
• 1 Introduction (p. 549)
• 2 Two Category-Learning Tasks (p. 550)
• 3 Covis (p. 550)
• 4 The Covis explicit system (p. 552)
• 5 The COVIS procedural-learning system (p. 557)
• 6 Competition between the COVIS explicit and implicit systems (p. 560)
• 7 Dissociations between rule-based and information-integration category learning (p. 561)
• 8 Conclusions (p. 563)
• Appendix A (p. 564)
• Acknowledgment (p. 568)
• References (p. 568)
• Chapter 26 The Neuropsychology of Perceptual Category Learning
• Abstract (p. 574)
• 1 Introduction (p. 575)
• 2 Competition between verbal and implicit systems (COVIS) (p. 575)
• 3 Testing a priori Predictions of COVIS (p. 578)
• 4 Perceptual category learning in neurological patients (p. 581)
• 5 General discussion (p. 595)
• References (p. 597)
• Chapter 27 Neural Regions Associated with Categorical Speech Perception and Production
• Abstract (p. 601)
• 1 Introduction (p. 602)
• 2 Evidence for categorical speech processing (p. 602)
• 3 Prefrontal regions and motor speech categories (p. 605)
• 4 Temporal-parietal regions and acoustic speech categories (p. 609)
• 5 Cerebellar contributions to categorical production and perception (p. 611)
• 6 Concluding remarks (p. 612)
• References (p. 613)
• Part 6 Categories in Perception and Inference
• Chapter 28 Situated Conceptualization
• Abstract (p. 620)
• 1 Introduction (p. 621)
• 2 Grounding the conceptual system in the modalities (p. 622)
• 3 Empirical evidence (p. 629)
• 4 Conclusion (p. 644)
• Acknowledgment (p. 647)
• References (p. 647)
• Chapter 29 Perceptual and Semantic Reorganization during Category Learning
• Abstract (p. 652)
• 1 Introduction (p. 653)
• 2 Concept learning and perception (p. 653)
• 3 Semantic reorganization during category learning (p. 664)
• 4 Conclusions on semantic reorganization (p. 671)
• 5 Integrating perceptual and semantic reorganization (p. 671)
• Acknowledgments (p. 676)
• References (p. 676)
• Chapter 30 The Return of Concept Empiricism
• Abstract (p. 679)
• 1 Introduction (p. 680)
• 2 Concept empiricism (p. 680)
• 3 The abstract ideas objections (p. 692)
• References (p. 694)
• Part 7 Grounding, Recognition, and Reasoning in Categorization
• Chapter 31 Categorization, Reasoning, and Memory from a Neo-logical Point of View
• Abstract (p. 700)
• 1 Introduction (p. 701)
• 2 Order, Information, and Categories (p. 701)
• 3 Inferences, Arguments, and Information (p. 701)
• 4 Logical and Creative Arguments (p. 703)
• 5 Types of Creative Arguments (p. 703)
• 6 Two Rather Incompatible Views in Cognitive Science (p. 705)
• 7 Experiments on Memory and Logical Competence (p. 706)
• 8 Logical Weakness and Classification of Errors (p. 709)
• 9 A New Theory of Logical Error and Logical Competence (p. 710)
• 10 The Cognitive Functions of Logic (p. 711)
• 11 Corrective Inferences and Cognitive Progress (p. 713)
• 12 The Fundamental Cognitive Function of Logical Reasoning (p. 715)
• 13 The Mind as a Dynamic System: Inference and Memory (p. 715)
• 14 General Conclusions: Categorization, Reasoning, and Memory (p. 716)
• References (p. 717)
• Chapter 32 Approaches to Grounding Symbols in Perceptual and Sensorimotor Categories
• Abstract (p. 719)
• 1 Cognitive symbol grounding (p. 720)
• 2 Linking vision and language: connectionist approaches to category learning and symbol grounding (p. 724)
• 3 Linking vision, action and language: embodied approaches to language learning and evolution (p. 729)
• 4 Discussion and conclusion (p. 733)
• References (p. 735)
• Chapter 33 Embodied Categorization
• Abstract (p. 740)
• 1 Introduction: Embodied categorization (p. 741)
• 2 Purely reactive categorizers (p. 743)
• 3 Reactive categorizers that learn (p. 747)
• 4 Representing categorizers (p. 749)
• 5 Emulating and simulating categorizers (p. 752)
• 6 Analogizing categorizers (p. 759)
• 7 Linguistic categorizers (p. 761)
• 8 Conclusion (p. 761)
• References (p. 762)
• Chapter 34 Categorization of Objects, Scenes, and Faces through Time
• Abstract (p. 768)
• 1 A model of categorization (p. 769)
• 2 Basic-level literature (p. 772)
• 3 Discrete processing cycles (p. 773)
• 4 The need for flexibility and a paradox (p. 778)
• 5 Categorization as an iterative process (p. 780)
• 6 General discussion (p. 786)
• References (p. 788)
• Chapter 35 Adaptive Categorization and Neural Networks
• Abstract (p. 794)
• 1 The problem of divergence (p. 798)
• 2 The solution: dual Hebbian/anti-Hebbian learning (p. 799)
• 3 The Eidos model (p. 802)
• 4 The letter classification task (p. 803)
• 5 The problem of convergence (p. 806)
• 6 The solution: Unlearning (p. 808)
• 7 The letter-classification task revisited (p. 809)
• 8 Current trends: Elimination of spurious attractors (p. 812)
• 9 Conclusion (p. 813)
• References (p. 814)
• Chapter 36 A Grounded Mind in a Robotic Body (p. 817)
• Part 8 Machine Category Learning
• Chapter 37 Concept Learning and Nonmonotonic Reasoning
• Abstract (p. 824)
• 1 The role of concepts (p. 825)
• 2 Three kinds of cognitive representations (p. 825)
• 3 Learning in symbolic systems (p. 826)
• 4 Learning in connectionist systems (p. 827)
• 5 Conceptual spaces as a representational framework (p. 827)
• 6 The origin of quality dimensions (p. 829)
• 7 Properties and concepts (p. 831)
• 8 Prototypes and conceptual spaces (p. 832)
• 9 Learning in conceptual spaces (p. 834)
• 10 The role of similarity in learning (p. 836)
• 11 Nonmonotonic aspects of concepts (p. 838)
• 12 Conclusion (p. 841)
• References (p. 842)
• Chapter 38 Categorization in Symbolic Data Analysis
• Abstract (p. 846)
• 1 Introduction (p. 847)
• 2 Categories, concepts, and symbolic data (p. 848)
• 3 Symbolic data tables and their background knowledge, concepts, and categories (p. 852)
• 4 Modeling concepts by "symbolic objects," with certain philosophical aspects (p. 855)
• 5 Tools for symbolic objects (p. 859)
• 6 Underlying structures of symbolic objects (p. 861)
• 7 Steps and tools for Symbolic Data Analysis (p. 863)
• 8 Overview of SODAS (p. 865)
• 9 Final remarks (p. 865)
• References (p. 866)
• Chapter 39 Category Formation in Self-organizing Embodied Agents
• Abstract (p. 869)
• 1 Introduction (p. 870)
• 2 The method (p. 870)
• 3 Categories emerging from the interaction between the agent and the environment (p. 871)
• 4 Action-mediated sensory states (p. 878)
• 5 Integrating sensorimotor information over time and the emergence of complex internal categories (p. 883)
• 6 Conclusions (p. 887)
• Acknowledgments (p. 888)
• References (p. 888)
• Chapter 40 An Information-based Discussion of Vagueness: Six Scenarios Leading to Vagueness
• Abstract (p. 892)
• 1 Introduction (p. 893)
• 2 The information framework (p. 894)
• 3 Classical vs. gradual properties (p. 895)
• 4 Precisely defined vs. poorly defined properties (p. 899)
• 5 Refining precisely defined properties using closeness relations (p. 901)
• 6 Single agent vs. multiple agents (p. 902)
• 7 Ill-known attribute values and twofold sets (p. 904)
• 8 Approximately described sets (p. 905)
• 9 Concluding remarks (p. 906)
• References (p. 907)
• Part 9 Data Mining for Categories and ontologies
• Chapter 41 A Smooth Introduction to Symbolic Methods for Knowledge Discovery
• Abstract (p. 914)
• 1 Introduction (p. 915)
• 2 Methods for KDD (p. 916)
• 3 Lattice-based classification (p. 918)
• 4 Frequent itemset search and association rule extraction (p. 920)
• 5 Applications (p. 923)
• 6 Discussion (p. 930)
• 7 Conclusion (p. 930)
• References (p. 931)
• Chapter 42 Genre-Specific Text Mining and Extensional Inductive Concept Recognition: A Pseudocognitive Approach
• Abstract (p. 936)
• 1 Introduction and definition of text mining (TM) (p. 937)
• 2 Text retrieval (p. 939)
• 3 Standardization (p. 940)
• 4 Grammatical tagging (p. 940)
• 5 Terminology (p. 944)
• 6 Concept recognition in texts (p. 944)
• 7 Conclusion (p. 951)
• Acknowledgments (p. 952)
• References (p. 953)
• Chapter 43 Classification and Categorization in Computer-Assisted Reading and Text Analysis
• Abstract (p. 956)
• 1 Introduction (p. 957)
• 2 Definitions of classification and categorization for CARAT (p. 961)
• 3 Text classification and categorization (p. 962)
• 4 Methodology for text classifying and categorizing (p. 963)
• 5 Applications in CARAT (p. 969)
• 6 The computer design: SATIM (p. 974)
• 7 Conclusion (p. 976)
• References (p. 976)
• Chapter 44 Graph Matching, System Design and Knowledge Modeling
• Abstract (p. 979)
• 1 Introduction (p. 980)
• 2 Knowledge represented as graph structures (p. 982)
• 3 Learning heuristic knowledge (p. 984)
• 4 Viability conditions (p. 985)
• 5 The complexity of learning (p. 986)
• 6 Categorization of knowledge in layers (p. 988)
• 7 Conclusion (p. 989)
• References (p. 989)
• Part 10 The Naturalization of Categories
• Chapter 45 Nominalism and the Theory of Concepts
• Abstract (p. 993)
• 1 Nominalism (p. 994)
• 2 Ockham's cleaver (p. 995)
• 3 Motivations (p. 999)
• 4 Nominalistic constraints for the theory of concepts (p. 1001)
• References (p. 1006)
• Chapter 46 Why do We Think Racially?
• Abstract (p. 1010)
• 1 Introduction (p. 1011)
• 2 Is racialism a mere social construct? (p. 1012)
• 3 Is racialism a by-product of a human kind module? (p. 1016)
• 4 Are races mere coalitions? (p. 1021)
• 5 Is racialism a by-product of an evolved ethnic cognitive system? (p. 1024)
• 6 Conclusion (p. 1029)
• References (p. 1031)
• Chapter 47 Neurosemantics and Categories
• Abstract (p. 1036)
• 1 Introduction (p. 1037)
• 2 Mental representations as neural codes (p. 1040)
• 3 The meaning of neural representations: Neurosemantics (p. 1043)
• 4 Misrepresentation (p. 1050)
• 5 Conclusion (p. 1052)
• References (p. 1052)
• Chapter 48 Conceptual Analysis and Philosophical Naturalism
• Abstract (p. 1055)
• 1 Introduction (p. 1056)
• 2 What is intuitive about conceptual analysis? (p. 1057)
• 3 Cognitive privileges, metaphysical privileges, and the Transparency Thesis (p. 1058)
• 4 Against privileges (p. 1059)
• 5 The inward approach (p. 1061)
• 6 Conceptual truths or truths about concepts? (p. 1062)
• 7 The outward approach (p. 1064)
• 8 'Bachelors are unmarried men' is about facts (p. 1065)
• 9 Explaining away the illusion (p. 1067)
• 10 A "mixed bag" (p. 1068)
• 11 Conclusion (p. 1070)
• References (p. 1070)
• Chapter 49 Crisis! What Crisis? (p. 1073)
• Index (p. 1081)